Tutorials/C#

C# tutorial

Build typed applications on .NET.

40 lessonsExamples and guided walkthroughs

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Course contents

Programming fundamentals

C# Basics

Print a value from a .NET program.

C# Loops

Repeat an action with a for loop.

C# Methods

Package reusable logic in a static method.

C# strings and formatting

Use common string methods, compare text correctly, and format numbers with format specifiers.

C# exceptions, finally, and using

Throw and catch a custom exception, filter by condition, and release resources reliably.

C# nullable values, patterns, and switch expressions

Handle missing values safely and branch on the type and value of an object.

Object-oriented programming

C# Classes and Properties

Protect state with a property that only the class can change.

C# inheritance, virtual, and abstract members

Override behaviour in subclasses and call it through a base-type reference.

C# records, with-expressions, and value semantics

Create immutable data types with value equality, copy them with changes, and compare with structs and classes.

C# delegates, events, and lambdas

Pass behaviour as a value and let objects notify subscribers when something happens.

Data structures and algorithms

C# Lists

Grow a collection with List<T> and add its values.

C# Dictionary and HashSet operations

Count words with a dictionary and combine sets with union, intersection, and difference.

C# Stack and Queue: evaluating postfix expressions

Use a stack to evaluate expressions written in reverse Polish notation and a queue for first-in order.

C# sorting, stability, and Array.BinarySearch

Sort arrays and records, keep equal items in order with LINQ, and find insertion points.

C# LRU cache with Dictionary and LinkedList

Combine a hash table and a doubly linked list so that get, put, and eviction all take constant time.

C# generic binary search tree with IEnumerable

Constrain the element type with IComparable<T> and expose the sorted values with yield return.

Analysis of algorithms

C#: best and worst case of insertion sort

Count comparisons on sorted, reversed, and mixed input to see how input order changes the cost.

C#: watching List<T> grow geometrically

Observe the capacity of a List<int> as items are added and see that reallocations become rarer.

Database systems

C#: relational queries with LINQ join and group

Join two collections on a key, sort the result, and aggregate it by group, as SQL does.

C#: an ordered index with SortedSet

Answer range, minimum, maximum, and nearest-value queries on sorted keys.

Operating systems

C#: first-come-first-served versus shortest-job-first

Compare the average waiting time of two scheduling policies for the same set of jobs.

C#: protecting shared state with lock

Start two threads that update one counter and use lock so that no update is lost.

Computer networks

C#: a TCP echo server on the loopback interface

Use TcpListener and TcpClient with async methods to send a line and read the reply.

C#: IPv4 subnets with IPAddress and bit masks

Compute the network and broadcast addresses for a CIDR block and test whether addresses belong to it.

Software engineering

C#: testing values and exceptions with a small harness

Check results, and verify that bad input throws the expected exception type.

C#: dependency injection makes code testable

Pass a dependency in through the constructor so tests can replace it with a fixed one.

Information security

C#: message authentication with HMAC-SHA256

Compute a keyed tag so a receiver can detect tampering, and compare tags safely.

C#: password storage with a salt and PBKDF2

Derive a slow salted hash from a password and verify a login attempt in constant time.

Parallel and distributed computing

C#: running tasks in parallel with Task.WhenAll

Start independent computations as tasks and await all of their results.

C#: Parallel.For with Interlocked

Spread loop iterations over cores and combine results safely with an atomic add.

Artificial intelligence

C#: uniform-cost search with PriorityQueue

Find the cheapest route from a start node to every other node in a weighted graph.

C#: solving tic-tac-toe with minimax

Search the complete game tree and show that perfect play by both sides ends in a draw.

Knowledge representation and reasoning

C#: first-order unification

Find a substitution that makes two logical terms identical, including the occurs check.

C#: semantic networks with default reasoning

Inherit properties up an is-a hierarchy and let more specific nodes override defaults.

Machine learning

C#: logistic regression for classification

Predict a probability with the sigmoid function and train the weights by gradient descent.

C#: entropy and information gain for decision trees

Measure how much a feature reduces uncertainty about a label, the criterion used to choose a split.